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"The Gall-Peters projection is one specialization of a configurable equal-area map projection known as the equal-area cylindric or cylindrical equal-area projection. The specializations of this projection differ only in the ratio of the vertical to the horizontal axis. This ratio determines the standard parallel of the projection, which is the parallel at which there is no distortion and along which distances are correct. The standard parallels of the Gall-Peters are 45°N and 45°S. Other specializations of the equal-area cylindric are Lambert Cylindrical Equal Area (standard parallel at the equator), Behrmann Cylindrical Equal Area (30°N/S), Trystran Edwards (37.383°N/S), and Balthasart (50°N/S). The Lambert version provides the foundation for all of them in its exploitation of the fact that the surface area of a sphere and area of the cylinder containing it are equal.
The Gall-Peters projection was described formally in 1885 by clergyman James Gall in the Scottish Geographical Magazine. He had presented it along with two other projections thirty years earlier at the Glasgow meeting of the British Association for the Advancement of Science (the BA). He gave it the name "orthographic" (no relation to Orthographic projection).
The name "Gall-Peters projection" seems to have been used first by Arthur H. Robinson in his 1985 response to Arno Peters's 1983 essay, The New Cartography. Prior to 1973 it had been known, when referred to at all, as the Gall orthographic or Gall's orthographic. Most Peters supporters refer to it only as the Peters projection. During the years of controversy (see below) the cartographic literature tended to mention both attributions, settling on one or the other for the purposes of the article. In recent years Gall-Peters seems to dominate.
The Peters World Map
Arno Peters, a historian, devised a map based on Gall's orthographic projection in 1967, presented it in 1973 as a 'new invention', and promoted it as a superior alternative to the Mercator projection, a much older projection suitable for navigation which increasingly inflates the sizes of regions according to their distance from the equator. This inflation results in a representation of Greenland that is larger than Africa, whereas in reality Africa is 13 times as large. In contrast, the Gall-Peters projection shows areas of equal size on the globe as also equal size on the map. Since much of the underdeveloped world lies in or near the tropics, those countries appear smaller on a Mercator, and therefore, in Peters's theory, less significant. By using his "new" projection, disadvantaged nations could be restored to their rightful proportions. This argument was picked up by many educational and religious bodies, leading to adoption of the Gall-Peters projection amongst many socially concerned groups.
Peters's original description of the projection for his map contained an error such that the standard parallels worked out to be 46°02'N/S. The text accompanying the description made it clear that he had intended the standard parallels to be 45°, making his projection identical to Gall's orthographic.In a world map, the difference is negligible.
Arno Peters was the son of social activists and probably gained his lifelong concern about equality from his parents, Lucy and Bruno Peters. In 1929, when Peters was 13, the famous African-American activist and NAACP field secretary William Pickens visited the family and left a signed copy of his book Bursting Bonds. During the Second World War, Peters' father was imprisoned by the Nazis for refusing to obey their totalitarian regime. The Peters world map stands as an interesting and controversial attempt to use cartographic imagery for progressive causes.
The controversy
Peters's foray into cartography was largely ignored by the cartographic community at first. Crusaders for new projections spring up now and then, rarely making much of an impression. For one thing, the mathematics governing map projections does not permit development of a world map that is significantly "better" in any objective sense than the hundreds of map projections already devised. Peters's map was no exception in that regard, and in fact Peters had (probably unwittingly) based it on a projection that was already over a century old. That projection, Gall's "orthographic", passed unnoticed when it was announced in 1855 for the simple fact that it lacked any remarkable properties. Peters's co-option of it did nothing to change that. For another thing, Mercator's inappropriate use in world maps and the size disparities figuring prominently in Peters's arguments against the Mercator had been remarked upon for centuries and quite commonly in the 20th century. Even Peters's politicized interpretation of the common use of Mercator was nothing new, with mention of a similar controversy in Kelloway's 1946 text.Cartographers had witnessed an eerily similar campaign twenty years prior to Peters's efforts when Trystan Edwards described and promoted his "Trystan Edwards" projection, disparaging the Mercator and recommending his projection as the solution.Peters's map differed from Edwards's only in height-to-width ratio. Cartographers, who had long despaired over publishers' stubborn use of the Mercator, had no reason to think Peters would succeed any more than Edwards had, or, for that matter, any more than any other of the long line of (perhaps) well-intentioned, zealous, but poorly informed predecessors had.
Peters, however, launched his campaign in a different world. He announced his map at a time when themes of social justice resonated strongly in academia and politics. Insinuating cartographic imperialism, Peters found ready audiences. The campaign was bolstered by the innuendo that the Peters projection was the only "area-correct" map. Other claims included "no extreme distortions of form" and "totally distance-factual".
All of those claims were erroneous.Some of the oldest projections are equal-area, and hundreds have been described, refuting any implication that Peters's map is special in that regard. In any case, Mercator was not the pervasive projection Peters made it out to be: a wide variety of projections has always been used in world maps.Hence, it could be argued that Peters had simply set up a straw man to knock down. Peters's chosen projection suffers extreme distortion in the polar regions, as any cylindric projection must, and its distortion along the equator is considerable. Indeed, most ironically, the only region lacking distortion happens to be along the latitude of Arno Peters's native Germany (and the opposite latitude in the southern hemisphere), not anywhere in the underdeveloped world. The claim of distance fidelity is particularly problematic; Peters's map lacks distance fidelity everywhere except along the 45th parallels north and south, and then only in the direction of those parallels. No world projection is good at preserving distances everywhere; Peters's and all other cylindric projections are particularly bad in that regard because east-west distances inevitably balloon toward the poles
The cartographic community met Peters's 1973 press conference with amusement and mild exasperation, but little activity beyond a few articles commenting on the technical aspects of Peters's claims. In the ensuing years, however, it became clear that Peters and his map were no flash in the pan. Faced with his notoriety, by 1980 many cartographers had turned outright hostile to the problematic claims many viewed to be truculent, exaggerated, or outright erroneous. In particular, it is easy to read the promotional materials from the Peters camp to mean that cartographers had deliberately foisted the Mercator onto the world in order to promote a Eurocentric view. This innuendo did not endear cartographers, who themselves had long been frustrated by the favoritism publishers showed for Mercator's projection.
The two camps never made any real attempts toward reconciliaton. The Peters camp largely ignored the protests of the cartographers. Peters did not acknowledge the prior art of Gall until the controversy had largely run its course, late in his life. While it is very likely Peters reinvented the projection independently, the unscholarly conduct and refusal to engage the cartographic community undoubtedly contributed to the polarization and impasse.
Frustrated by some very visible successes and mounting publicity stirred up by the industry that had sprung up around the Peters map, the cartographic community began to plan more coordinated efforts to restore balance, as they saw it. The 1980s saw a flurry of literature directed against the Peters phenomenon. Though Peters's map was not singled out, the controversy motivated the American Cartographic Association (now Cartography and Geographic Information Society) to produce a series of booklets designed to educate the public about map projections and distortion in maps. In 1989 and 1990, after some internal debate, seven North American geographic organizations adopted the following resolution that rejected all rectangular world maps, a category that includes both the Mercator and the Gall-Peters projections:
"WHEREAS, the earth is round with a coordinate system composed entirely of circles, and
WHEREAS, flat world maps are more useful than globe maps, but flattening the globe surface necessarily greatly changes the appearance of Earth's features and coordinate systems, and
WHEREAS, world maps have a powerful and lasting effect on peoples' impressions of the shapes and sizes of lands and seas, their arrangement, and the nature of the coordinate system, and
WHEREAS, frequently seeing a greatly distorted map tends to make it "look right,"
THEREFORE, we strongly urge book and map publishers, the media and government agencies to cease using rectangular world maps for general purposes or artistic displays. Such maps promote serious, erroneous conceptions by severely distorting large sections of the world, by showing the round Earth as having straight edges and sharp corners, by representing most distances and direct routes incorrectly, and by portraying the circular coordinate system as a squared grid. The most widely displayed rectangular world map is the Mercator (in fact a navigational diagram devised for nautical charts), but other rectangular world maps proposed as replacements for the Mercator also display a greatly distorted image of the spherical Earth."
It should be noted that the geography and cartography community is not unanimously united against the Peters World Map. For example, one map society, the North American Cartographic Information Society (NACIS), declined to endorse the 1989 resolution, though no reasons were given. Second, there are a small number of cartographers, including Brian Harley, who have credited the Peters phenomenon with demonstrating the social implications of map projections, at the very least. Within geography more generally, some commentators see the cartographic controversy over the Peters world map as a sign of immaturity in the cartographic profession, given that all maps are political.
On the screen
The "Peters projection map" was featured in the television drama, The West Wing (season 2, episode 16), in which the (fictitious) "Organisation of Cartographers for Social Equality" is given access to the White House Press Secretary due to Big Block of Cheese Day. Dr. John Fallow (actor John Billingsley) explains why the President of the United States of America should champion the use of this map in schools, because it correctly represents the size of the countries and therefore gives due prominence to countries in less developed parts of the world that are otherwise under-estimated. In other words, "size matters". Peters map sales were greatly increased by the appearance on the show.
The map is also a favorite of military strategist Thomas Barnett, who has included it in his presentations of "The Brief" which have aired on C-SPAN in the United States."
Tekst je preuzet sa:
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gall-Peters_projection#_note-Hinks
Nazalost nisam nasao nista u vezi Peterove mape na srpskom jeziku, pa sam kopirao engleski tekst. Nadam se da nisam prekrsio pravilnik.
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one se koriste prema potrebi, recimo u vazduhoplovstvu jedna, za vojnike druga [ topografske najcesce ] itd. U literaturi ima oko 300 projekcija, od kojih se odpilike 10 koristi u kartografskoj praksi 
