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Slackware initrd mini HOWTO
by Patrick Volkerding, volkerdi@slackware.com
Sun Oct 31 18:50:27 PST 2004
This document describes how to create and install an initrd, which may be
required to use the 2.6 kernel. Also see "man mkinitrd".
1. What is an initrd?
2. Why to I need an initrd?
3. How do I build the initrd?
4. Now that I've built an initrd, how do I use it?
1. What is an initrd?
Initrd stands for "initial ramdisk". An initial ramdisk is a very small
Linux filesystem that is loaded into RAM and mounted as the kernel boots,
and before the main root filesystem is mounted.
2. Why do I need an initrd?
The usual reason to use an initrd is because you need to load kernel
modules before mounting the root partition. Usually these modules are
required to support the filesystem used by the root partition (ext3,
reiserfs, xfs), or perhaps the controller that the hard drive is attached
to (SCSI, RAID, etc). Essentially, there are so many different options
available in modern Linux kernels that it isn't practical to try to ship
many different kernels to try to cover everyone's needs. It's a lot more
flexible to ship a generic kernel and a set of kernel modules for it. The
generic 2.6 kernel in Slackware supports the ext2 filesystem (which is
used by the initrd), and also supports most IDE controllers (much like the
old bare.i kernel). So, if you have an IDE based system that uses the
ext2 filesystem, then you will not need to use an initrd to boot.
Otherwise, read on.
3. How do I build the initrd?
The easiest way to make the initrd is to use the mkinitrd script included
in Slackware's mkinitrd package. We'll walk through the process of
upgrading to the 2.6.10 Linux kernel using the packages found in
Slackware's testing/packages/linux-2.6.10/ directory.
First, make sure the kernel, kernel modules, and mkinitrd package are
installed (the current version numbers might be a little different, so
this is just an example):
installpkg kernel-generic-2.6.10-i486-1.tgz
installpkg kernel-modules-2.6.10-i486-1.tgz
installpkg mkinitrd-1.0.1-i486-1.tgz
Change into the /boot directory:
cd /boot
Now you'll want to run "mkinitrd". I'm using reiserfs for my root
filesystem, and since it's an IDE system the reiserfs module will be
the only one I need to load:
mkinitrd -c -k 2.6.10 -m reiserfs
This should do two things. First, it will create a directory
/boot/initrd-tree containing the initrd's filesystem. Then it will
create an initrd (/boot/initrd.gz) from this tree. If you wanted to,
you could make some additional changes in /boot/initrd-tree/ and
then run mkinitrd again without options to rebuild the image. That's
optional, though, and only advanced users will need to think about that.
Here's another example: Build an initrd image using Linux 2.6.10 kernel
modules for a system with an ext3 root partition on /dev/hdb3. Note
that you need both the jbd and ext3 modules to use ext3:
mkinitrd -c -k 2.6.10 -m jbd:ext3 -f ext3 -r /dev/hdb3
4. Now that I've built an initrd, how do I use it?
Now that you've got an initrd (/boot/initrd.gz), you'll want to load
it along with the kernel at boot time. If you use LILO for your boot
loader you'll need to edit /etc/lilo.conf and add a line to load the
initrd. Here's an example section of lilo.conf showing how this is
done:
# Linux bootable partition config begins
image = /boot/vmlinuz-generic-2.6.10
initrd = /boot/initrd.gz
root = /dev/hda6
label = Linux2610
read-only
# Linux bootable partition config ends
The initrd is loaded by the "initrd = /boot/initrd.gz" line.
Just add the line right below the line for the kernel image you use.
Save the file, and then run LILO again ('lilo' at the command line).
You'll need to run lilo every time you edit lilo.conf or rebuild the
initrd.
Other bootloaders such as syslinux also support the use of an initrd.
See the documentation for those programs for details on using an
initrd with them.
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Have fun!
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